Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation

Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation

I. Introduction

A. Blood Vessel Wall - Layers

1. __________________________________

2. __________________________________

3. __________________________________

B. Arteries and arterioles

1. Arteries carry blood _________________ the heart.

2. Arteries branch into________________, which branch into_________________

3. Structure

a. Elastic Arteries

b. Muscular Arteries

c. Arterioles

4. Autonomic nerve fibers

C. Capillaries

1. Connect arterioles to venules

2. Wall of the capillary consists of a single layer of_________________endothelium (some with fenustrations)

3. Regulation of capillary blood flow (capillary beds)

a. Precapillary sphincters

b. Opening and closing controlled by conditions within the interstitial fluid (autoregulation)

c. Anastomoses - "extra" connections between 2 vessels

D. Veins and Venules

1. Capillaries come together to form _________________, which come together to form _________________ .

2. Veins carry blood_________________ the heart

3. Medium Veins

4. Large Veins

5. Valves

E. Diseases of the Arteries

1. Arteriorsclerosis

2. Atherosclerosis - one type of arteriosclerosis

F. Comparison of Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries (See Interactive Physiology (Cardiovascular System): Factors that Affect Blood Pressure, p. 10)

*VESSEL TYPE*	*BLOOD PRESSURE*	*VELOCITY OF BLOOD FLOW*	*TOTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA*
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

II. Circulatory Physiology and Blood Pressure (See Interactive Physiology: Factors that Affect Blood Pressure)

A. Terms

1. Peripheral Resistance

a. Vascular Resistance

b. Viscosity

c. Turbulance

B. Arterial Blood Pressure (See Interactive Physiology: Measuring Blood Pressure)

1. BP produced primarily by heart action

2. Systolic pressure

3. Diastolic pressure

4. Pulse pressure

C. Factors That Influence Arterial Pressure

1. Cardiac output =

2. Blood volume

3. Resistance to flow depends on:

a. Blood viscosity

b. Blood vessel length

c. Blood vessel diameter

D. Capillary Pressures (See Interactive Physiology: Autoregulation & Capillary Dynamics, p. 14-38)

1. Gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products

2. Diffusion

3. Lipid-solubilities

4. Plasma proteins remain in the blood

5. Filtration due to_________________ pressure (CHP) moves fluids and small solutes into tissues

6. Osmosis -

7. Fluid accumulation in the tissues

8. Blood osmotic pressure (BOP) -

E. Venous Blood Flow (See Interactive Physiology: Blood Vessel Anatomy, last pages)

1. Muscular Compression ("Skeletal Muscle pump")

2. Respiratory pump

3. Valves

4. Venous constriction (venoconstriction)

F. Cardiovascular Regulation

1. Tissue perfusion (blood flow to the tissues)

a. Cardiac output

b. Peripheral resistance

c. Blood pressure

2. Autoregulation of Blood Flow (See Interactive Physiology: Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics)

a. Precapillary sphincter vasodilators

b. Precapillary sphincter vasoconstrictors

3. Neural Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow

a. Cardiac center of the Medulla oblongata

i. Cardioacceleratory Center

ii. Cardioinhibitory Center

b. Vasomotor center of the Medulla

i. Vasodilation of arterioles

ii. Vasoconstriction of arterioles

c. Baroreceptors Reflexes

i. Aortic Baroreceptors

ii. Carotid Sinuses

iii. Atrial Baroreceptors

d. Chemoreceptor Reflexes

i. Carotid and Aortic bodies - monitor changes in pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of the blood

ii. Information sent to Cardioacceleratory or Cardioinhibitory centers and vasomotor center of the Medulla oblongata

4. Influence of the ANS and Higher Brain Centers

a. Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic responses

b. Emotional states (i.e. anxiety, stress)

5. Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation

a. Angiotensin II

b. Antidiuretic Hormone

c. Erythropoietin

d. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

6. Hypertension

G. Patterns of Cardiovascular Response

1. Exercise and the Cardiovascular System

a. Vasodilation

b. Venous return

c. Cardiac Output

d. Heart Rate response to training

2. Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhaging

a. Elevation of Blood Pressure

b. Restoration of Blood Volume

III. Fetal Circulation

A. Umbilical Vein

B. Umbilical Arteries

C. Ductus Arteriosus

D. Foramen Ovale

E. Ductus Venosus

Are you ready to test your blood vessel knowledge? Click here, then click on the "quizzes" link. (Link updated 1/14/07)

Want to try an short empty outline on this unit? Cardiovascular Unit 1 Empty Outline

Last Updated 06/08/07