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BLOOD

BIO 1008 Lecture Outlines | BIO 1008 Resources | Mrs. Caley Opsal's Home | IVCC Home

I. Functions of the Blood

A. Transportation

B.  Regulation

C.  Prevents Fluid Loss

D.  Defense

E.  Body Temperature

II. Composition of Whole Blood

A. Formed elements

1. Erythrocytes

2. Leukocytes

3. Platelets (thrombocytes)

B. Plasma

1.  H₂O

2.  Plasma Proteins

a.  Albumins

b.  Globulins

c.  Fibrinogen -

serum

3.  Other substances...

III. Characteristics of the Formed Elements

**Note:  I have revised (as of 1/14/07) the blood cell numbers/averages listed on this outline.  They now correspond to the values you are responsible for in lab.  Not all of these values are the same as what is listed in the Martini text.  Disregard the Martini values and go by the numbers given in lab.**

A.  Erythrocytes

1. Biconcave disk

2. Hemoglobin (Hb)

a.  Structure

ii.  Heme

iii.  Globin

b.  Function

c.  Cyanosis

3. Anucleate

4.  Hematocrit - percentage of formed elements, mainly RBCs, in given volume

a.  Men:  42-52%

b.  Women:  37-47%

B. Erythrocyte Counts

1. Number of RBC's per mm³ (or microliter) of blood

2. Range = 4 - 6 million RBCs per mm³

a.  Range for Adult Women:  4.0-5.5 million RBCs/mm³
b.  Range for Adult Men:  4.5-6.0 million RBCs/mm³

3. O₂- carrying capacity

C. Destruction of Erythrocytes

1. Macrophages (liver and spleen) phagocytize RBCs

2. Hemoglobin recycling

a.  Four globular proteins disassembled into amino acids and reused

b.  Heme molecule

i. Heme --> Biliverdin (green)

ii. Biliverdin --> Bilirubin (orange-yellow) ---> Liver ---> Bile

iii. Jaundice

c.  Iron

i. Stored in phagocytes

ii. Enter bloodstream and binds to transferrin

D. Erythrocyte Production (Erythropoiesis)

1. Embryo - yolk sac

2.  Fetus - liver & spleen (months 2-5), red bone marrow

3. Adult - red marrow

4. Erythropoietin (EPO)

a. Decreasing O₂ levels (hypoxia)

b. Increasing anemia, high altitude, blood loss, and chronic lung disease

E. Dietary Factors Affecting Erythrocyte Production

1. Iron (Fe)

2.  B Vitamins

a.  Folate

b.  B₆

c.  B₁₂ and intrinsic factor

F.  Blood Types

1.  Antigens

2.  Antibodies

BLOOD TYPE	ANTIGEN PRESENT	ANTIBODY PRESENT
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Rh Positive
Rh Negative

3.  Blood Type Mismatches

a.  Agglutination

b.  Agglutinins ("antibodies")

c.  Cross Reactions and hemolysis

d.  Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN, or Erthroblastosis Fetalis)

 

G. Types of Leukocytes and Their Functions (click here for nice photomicrographs of the blood cells:  http://www.unomaha.edu/hpa/blood.html  -- source: University of NB-Omaha; link checked 12/10/07)

1. Granulocytes

a. Neutrophils (40-70%)

b. Eosinophils (1-4%)

c. Basophils (0.5-1%)

2. Agranulocytes ("A" means without)

a. Lymphocytes (20-45%)

ii.  T Cells

iii.  B Cells

b. Monocytes (4-8%)

3.  Remember:  Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas!!

H. Leukocyte Counts

1. Normal = 6,000 - 9,000 WBCs/mm³  (For comparison:  4.6-10.2 WBCs/mm³ according to St. Margaret's Hospital)

2. Influenced by infections, stress and dehydration

3. WBC Differential Count - define and explain why is it important

 

I.  Circulating Leukocytes

1.  Amoeboid Movement

2.  Diapedesis

3.  Positive Chemotaxis

4.  Phagocytosis

J. Functions of Leukocytes

1.  Specific Defenses

2.  Nonspecific Defenses

K.  Alterations in Leukocyte Numbers

1.  Leukopenia

2.  Leukocytosis

L.  Leukocyte Formation

1.  Stem Cells in Bone Marrow

2.  Thymosins

3.  Colony-Stimulating Factors

M. Platelets (formerly called "thrombocytes")

1. Cellular fragments of megakaryocytes

2. Range = 150,000 - 500,000/mm³

3.  Thrombocytopenia

4.  Thrombocytosis

5. Hemostasis

a.  Step 1:  Vascular Phase

b.  Step 2:  Platelet Phase

c.  Step 3:  Coagulation Phase

IV. Blood Disorders

A. Erythrocytes

1. Anemia

a. Hemorrhagic Anemia -

b. Hemolytic Anemia -

c. Aplastic Anemia -

d. Iron-deficiency Anemia -

e. Pernicious anemia -

2. Abnormal hemoglobin

a. Sickle cell Anemia -

3. Polycythemia

B. Other Blood Diseases/Disorders

1. White Blood Cell Diseases

a.  Leukemia

b. Mononucleosis

2. Bleeding Disorders

a. Hemophilia

Are you ready to test your blood knowledge?  Click here, then go to the "quizzes" section. (link updated 1/14/07)

*Note:  The companion website for the textbook can be accessed at:  http://www.aw-bc.com/applace/ .  The link above is within this website.

  Last Updated 12/10/07

BIO 1008 Lecture Outlines | BIO 1008 Resources | Mrs. Caley Opsal's Home | IVCC Home