BIO 1007 Lecture Outlines | BIO 1007 Resources | Mrs. Caley Opsal's Home | IVCC Home | Contact Us
I. Functions of Bones
A. Support
B. Protection
C. Movement
D. Storage of minerals
E. Blood cell formation
II. Anatomy of Bones
A. Divisions of the Skeleton
1. Axial
2. Appendicular
B. Structure of Osseous Tissue
1. Compact Bone (Haversian Systems or osteons)
a. Haversian (central) canal
b. Osteocyte in lacuna
c. Canaliculi
d. Lamellae
e. Perforating/Volkmann's canals
2. Spongy Bone
a. Trabeculae
b. No osteons present
3. Classifying Bones
a. Long bones
b. Short bones
c. Flat bones
d. Irregular bones
C. Structure of a Long Bone
1. Articular cartilage
2. Epiphysis
3. Diaphysis
4. Periosteum
5. Endosteum
6. Medullary cavity
D. Location of Hemopoietic Tissue
1. Spongy bone
2. Red bone marrow
3. Yellow bone marrow
E. Bone Cells
1. Osteocytes
2. Osteoclasts
3. OsteoblastsF. Chemical Composition of Bone
1. Collagen fibers
2. Calcium phosphate salts
III. Bone Development
A. Intramembranous Ossification - formation of bone from a fibrous membrane
1. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
2. Matrix fuses into trabeculae
3. Formation of compact bone plates
B. Endochondral Ossification - formation of bone from a hyaline cartilage model (long bones form this way)
1. Chondrocytes begin to die in the center of the shaft
2. Bony collar formation3. Invasion of the periosteal bud (a blood vessel) into the shaft
4. Medullary cavity formation (primary ossification center)
5. Secondary ossification begins at the epiphyses
C. Bone Growth
1. Growth in length of long bones
2. Bone remodeling
3. Appositional growth
4. Hormones
a. Growth hormone (GH)
b. Thyroid hormones
c. Testosterone and estrogen
5. Vitamins/Minerals
a. Vitamin D
b. Calcium
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin A
6. Physical Stress (Wolff's law)
D. Bone Homeostasis and Remodeling
1. Control of remodeling
a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
b. Calcitonin
2. Fractures
a. Closed (simple)
b. Open (compound)
c. Comminuted
d. Compression
e. Transverse (remember your planes of section!)
f. Spiral
g. Greenstick
h. Impacted (Colle's fracture is a type of impacted fracture)
i. Epiphyseal
3. Repair of Fractures
a. Hematoma formation
b. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
c. Bony callus formation
d. Remodeling
IV. Age-Related Features
A. Infant bones
1. Skull
a. fontanels
b. sinuses
c. orbits
2. Overall skeletal composition
3. Number of bones (fusion)
4. Vertebral column
a. primary curvatures
b. secondary curvatures
5. Epiphyseal disk
V. Male vs. Female Bones
A. Pelvis (os coxa)
1. Articulated pelvis
2. Pelvis brim
3. Pubic symphysis
4. Iliac crest
5. Obturator foramen
6. Acetabulum
B. Other differences
1. Bony landmarks
2. Skull
IV. Homeostatic Imbalances of Bone
A. Osteoporosis
B. Osteomalacia and Rickets
C. Gigantism
D. Acromegaly
E. Pituitary Dwarfism
F. Achondroplasia
G. Disorders Associated with the Vertebral Column (refer to applications manual)
1. Kyphosis
2. Lordosis
3. Scoliosis
Last Updated 05/26/06